不銹鋼基本知識

不銹鋼是指在大氣、水、酸、堿和鹽或其他介質中具有一定化
學穩定性的鋼的總稱.一般來講，耐大氣、蒸汽和水等弱介質腐蝕
的鋼稱為不銹鋼，而將其中耐酸、堿和鹽等腐蝕性強的鋼稱為耐蝕
鋼，或耐酸鋼。不銹鋼具有不銹性，但不一定耐腐蝕，而耐腐蝕鋼
一般具有較好的不銹性。
從合金元素構成講，不銹鋼是在普通碳鋼的基礎上，加人
12%以上的Cr（鉻），鉻在鋼表面形成堅固致密的Cr2 03氧化膜，
使鋼與大氣或腐蝕介質隔離而免遭腐蝕。不銹鋼離心泵，若在此基礎上加人一定量
的Si（硅）、Al（鋁）等合金元素會提高鋼的抗氧化性;加人Mo
（鑰）、w（鎢）、V（礬）、Ti
的碳化物，起彌散強化作用
（欽）等合金元素能形成細小的彌散
，提高室溫和高溫強度;加人Ni
Mo（相）、Cu（銅）、Nb
則能使鋼具有耐腐蝕性、
（妮）、Ti（欽）、Si（硅）等合金
抗高溫氧化或具有高溫強度等
性，
化工
禾銹鋼不僅具有很強的化學穩定性，同日寸也有足夠m 3A序塑，
1.1不銹鉑的分類及化學成介
目前各國不銹鋼牌號已超過百種（我國有117個牌號），不銹
鋼分類方法很多，按照GB/T 13304-1991《鋼分類》以及上
通用的分類方法（按鋼的組織劃分），不銹鋼分為5類，即奧氏體
不銹鋼、奧氏體一鐵素體型不銹鋼、鐵素體不銹鋼、馬氏體型不銹
鋼和沉淀硬化型不銹鋼，不銹鋼人孔，我國國家標準規定的不銹鋼板和耐熱鋼板
的不銹鋼牌號化學成分、組織形態見表1-1,
1.1. 1不銹鋼的分類
不銹鋼的分類方法通常以金相組織及用途進行分類。按金相組
織分類為:鐵素體（F）型不銹鋼、馬氏體（M）型不銹鋼、奧氏
體（A）型不銹鋼、奧氏體一鐵素體（A-F）型雙相不銹鋼、奧氏
體一馬氏體（A-M）型雙相不銹鋼和沉淀硬化（PH）型不銹鋼。這
幾類不銹鋼之間的成分。
奧氏體型不銹鋼
奧氏體不銹鋼在室溫下內部顯微組織為純奧氏體組織或奧氏
體+少量鐵素體組織。形成少量鐵素體的目的主要是為防止熱裂紋
的產生，也有利于防止焊縫的晶間腐蝕.
奧氏體型不銹鋼以Crl8Ni9鐵基合金為基礎，在此基礎上隨
著不同的用途，發展成圖1-2所示的鉻鎳奧氏體不銹鋼系列。奧氏
體型不銹鋼不能利用熱處理使晶粒細化，不銹鋼人孔，也不能經過淬火來提高其
硬度。奧氏體型不銹鋼在氧化性環境中具有優良的耐腐蝕性能和良
好的耐熱性能，是應用zui廣泛的不銹鋼，其中以18-8型不銹鋼zui有
代表性，它有較好的力學性能和良好的焊接性。但對溶液中含有氯
離子（Cl-）的介質特別敏感，衛生級隔膜閥，易發生應力腐蝕。在這類鋼中添加
欽和妮時，能提高其抗晶間腐蝕能力;添加鋁、銅和欽，則能提高
其在還原酸（如稀硫酸）中的耐腐蝕性能，同時也提高其抗晶間腐
蝕的能力.18-8型不銹鋼按其含碳址的不同分為三個等級:一般
含碳量（質址分數we（ 0. 15腸）、低碳級（質址分數wc<0.08%）
和超低碳級（質量分數uC《0.03腸）.

英文產品介紹：

Stainless steel is that in the atmosphere, water, acid, alkali, salt or other medium with a certain
Studied the stability of the general term of the steel. Generally speaking, weak medium corrosion resistance of air, steam and water
Steel called stainless steel, acid, alkali and salt corrosion of steel as corrosion
Steel or acid-proof steel. Stainless steel with stainless steel, but not necessarily to corrosion, and corrosion-resistant steel
Generally has a preferably stainless.
Constituting stresses from the alloying elements, the stainless steel is on the basis of common carbon steel, Joined
More than 12% Cr （chromium）, chromium to solid compact Cr2 03 oxide film is formed on the steel surface,
From corrosion of the steel with the atmosphere or corrosive media isolation. Stainless steel centrifugal pump, on this basis, plus a certain amount
Si （silicon）, Al （aluminum） and other alloying elements may improve the oxidation resistance of steel; added Mo
（Key）, W （tungsten） and V （alum）, Ti
Carbide dispersion strengthening effect from the
（Chin） and other alloying elements to form a fine dispersion
To improve the room temperature and high temperature strength; Joined Ni
Mo （phase）, Cu （copper）, Nb
Is possible to make the steel having corrosion resistance,
（Ni）, Ti （Chin）, Si （silicon） and other alloys
High temperature oxidation resistance, high temperature strength
Resistance,
Chemical industry
Wo stainless steel not only has a high chemical stability, and also have sufficient m 3A sequence plastic same day inch,
The 1.1 the stainless platinum classified and chemical into referral
Countries grades of stainless steel has more than one hundred kinds （of 117 grade） stainless
Many steel classification, according to GB / T 13304-1991 steel Classification and international
General classification （the organization divided） by steel, stainless steel is divided into five categories, namely austenitic
Stainless steel, a ferritic austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless
Steels and precipitation hardened stainless steel, stainless steel manhole, the country's national standards for stainless steel plate and heat-resistant steel plate
Grades of stainless steel chemical composition, morphology shown in Table 1-1,
Classification of 1.1. 1 stainless steel
The classification method of stainless steel is usually the microstructure and use classification. Metallographic group
Organizations classified as: （F） type of ferritic stainless steel, stainless steel martensite （M）, Albright
Stainless steel body （A）, the austenite-ferrite （AF） type duplex stainless steels, austenitic
The body of a martensite （AM） lean duplex stainless steel and precipitation hardening （PH） stainless steel. This
Between several types of stainless steel components.
Austenitic stainless steel
Internal microstructure of austenitic stainless steel at room temperature for pure austenite austenitic
Body + small amount of ferrite organization. The main purpose of the formation of a small amount of ferrite to prevent hot cracking
Generation, but also conducive to to prevent weld intergranular corrosion.
Austenitic stainless steel based to Crl8Ni9 the iron-base alloy and, on this basis, with the
Significantly different purposes, and developed into a chrome-nickel austenitic stainless steel series shown in Figure 1-2. Albright
Body stainless steel can not use a heat treatment so that grain refinement, stainless steel manhole, can not be hardened to improve their
Hardness. Austenitic stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance and good in the oxidizing environment
Good heat resistance, is the most widely used of the stainless steel, wherein the 18-8 stainless steel is most
The representation, which has good mechanical properties and good weldability. But the solution containing chlorine
Ion （Cl-） media is particularly sensitive, Sanitary diaphragm valves, prone to stress corrosion. Added in such steel
Chin and Minnie, to increase its resistance to intergranular corrosion; Add aluminum, copper and Chin, you can improve
Restore acid （e.g. sulfuric acid） in the corrosion resistance, but also to improve its resistance to intergranular rot
Ability to eclipse .18-8 stainless steel different sites according to their carbon content is divided into three levels: general
Carbon content （qualitative Address fraction we （0 15 intestinal）, low-carbon level （qualitative Address fraction wc <0.08%）
And ultra-low carbon level （mass fraction uC "0.03 intestines）.

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